Md Zulficar Hasan Joy

Relation between detail area plan & working drawing

A detailed area plan and a working drawing are two different types of drawings used in the field of architecture and engineering section. However, there is a relationship between them as they provide important information about a construction project.

Detail area plan:

A detailed area plan is a type of architectural or engineering drawing that provides an overview of a specific area, such as a building floor, site or landscape. It is a detailed graphical representation that includes all the important information about the area, including the location of walls, doors, windows, and other structural elements.

A detailed area plan can also include information about the materials and finishes to be used in the area, as well as the dimensions and measurements of each element. It is typically used by architects, designers, and engineers to communicate their design ideas to clients, stakeholders, and contractors.

Fig: Detail area plan

Working Drawing Plan:

Architectural working drawings are technical drawings created by architects and architectural drafters that provide detailed and precise information about the design of a building. These drawings are used to communicate design specifications and construction details to contractors, builders, and other professionals involved in the construction process.

Architectural working drawings typically include floor plans, elevations, sections, and details. Floor plans show the layout of the building and the location of walls, doors, windows, and other elements. Elevations show the vertical appearance of the building and the location of the doors, windows, and other openings. Sections show a cut-through view of the building, which reveals the interior structure and details. Details provide specific information about the construction and materials used for various building elements, such as the roof, walls, and foundation.

Architectural working drawings serve as a critical communication tool between the design team and the construction team, ensuring that the building is constructed according to the designer’s specifications and requirements. They are also important for obtaining necessary permits and approvals from local authorities and for estimating project costs.

Fig: working drawing plan

Relation between detail area plan & working drawing plan:

The detail area plan is a type of drawing that provides detailed information about a specific area or component of a building, while working drawings are a set of technical illustrations that provide precise and accurate information about the design and construction of a building. The detail area plan is typically included as part of the set of working drawings, and it provides a more detailed view of a particular area or feature than is shown in other types of drawings. Both detail area plans and working drawings are important tools for architects and builders, as they provide essential information about the design and construction of a building.

In summary, the detail area plan is a type of working drawing that provides detailed information about a specific area or feature of the building. It is a component of the set of working drawings that is used to provide precise and accurate information about the design and construction of the building.

Reference- Google

Writer-

Shanta Islam

Architecture/AIDT Department

Instructor, Daffodil Polytechnic Institute

Making a Successful Resume and Cover Letter for Bangladeshi Diploma Engineers

Having a strong CV and cover letter is essential while trying to land a job as a diploma engineer in Bangladesh. You can stand out from the competition and improve your chances of being noticed by potential employers by creating a powerful resume and cover letter. The following advice will be to create a resume and cover letter that will stand out.

Create a resume and cover letter specifically for the position you’re looking for. Spend some time researching the position you are looking for before you begin to write your resume and cover letter. Find out what qualities and talents the company is looking for, and make sure to highlight them in your cover letter and CV. This will demonstrate to the company that you are aware of the job’s criteria and that you possess the qualifications they are seeking in a candidate.

For instance, if you’re seeking a position in textile engineering, be sure to emphasize your familiarity with fabric testing, quality control, and textile production procedures. In your resume, if you’re searching for a position in computer engineering, be sure to emphasize your knowledge of coding languages and software development tools.

Emphasize your understanding of project management, safety laws, and building materials when applying for positions in civil engineering.

Consider your accomplishments rather than just your work responsibilities.

Instead of merely seeing a list of your obligations, employers want to know what you have actually done in past positions. Make careful to draw attention to particular accomplishments that showcase your talents and abilities while writing your resume and cover letter. Included here are any accomplishments that demonstrate your prospective worth to the company, such as projects you’ve finished, accolades you’ve won, or other recognition.

If you are a textile engineer, for instance, you may discuss a project where you improved the production procedure to decrease waste and boost efficiency. If you are a computer engineer, describe a project where you created new software that increased productivity or fixed a particular issue. Mention a project where you planned and managed the construction of a building or piece of infrastructure if you are a civil engineer.

Use the job description’s terms and phrases.

Many businesses analyze cover letters and resume for particular words and phrases using automated algorithms. Use keywords and phrases from the job description in your cover letter and CV to improve your chances of being found by these algorithms.

This will demonstrate to the company that you possess the abilities and credentials they are seeking.

Make sure to highlight your expertise with CAD software in your resume and cover letter, for instance, if the job description stresses the requirement for understanding of CAD software for textile engineering. Make sure to mention your experience with Java programming in your resume and cover letter if the job description highlights the requirement for Java programming skills for computer engineering. Make sure to indicate your familiarity with building codes in your resume and cover letter if the job description highlights the requirement for understanding building codes for civil engineers.

Draw attention to your soft abilities.

In addition to technical skills and qualifications, employers are also looking for candidates with strong soft skills. Soft skills are personal attributes that enable you to interact effectively with others and include skills like communication, teamwork, leadership, and problem-solving.

Make sure to highlight your soft skills in your resume and cover letter. For example, if you’re a textile engineer, mention your ability to work effectively in a team environment and your strong communication skills. If you’re a computer engineer, mention your ability to troubleshoot problems and your experience leading a team of developers. If you’re a civil engineer, mention your experience with project management and your ability to work under pressure.

Use a professional format and design.

Finally, make sure that your resume and cover letter have a professional format and design.

Highlight Your Technical Abilities: Demonstrating your technical abilities in your resume may have a big influence. Technical skills are essential for diploma engineers in Bangladesh. An architect, for instance, would promote their proficiency with AutoCAD, Revit, and SketchUp, whereas an automobile engineer might do so by highlighting their familiarity with automotive software like MATLAB and Simulink.

Display Your Professional Success: Employers in Bangladesh are interested in applicants who have contributed significantly to their prior businesses. For instance, civil engineers can discuss their involvement in the planning of a significant infrastructure project or their contribution to the creation of a new technology. These accomplishments can help you stand out from the competition and enhance your candidacy.

Employers in Bangladesh frequently use applicant tracking systems (ATS) to review resumes, so make use of the keywords from the job description. Include pertinent keywords from the job description in your resume and cover letter to boost your chances of being called in for an interview. An electrical engineer, for instance, may use the terms “power distribution,” “control systems,” and “circuit design” to highlight their proficiency.

Personalize Your Cover Letter and Resume: Employers in Bangladesh value candidates who take the time to tailor their application materials to the particulars of the position because every job application is different.

. For instance, a car engineer asking for a research and development post might emphasize their prototype and testing experience, whereas an architect engineer applying for a project management position can emphasize their leadership and organizational abilities.

Strong action verbs should be included in your resume and cover letter to demonstrate your abilities and expertise. Use stronger verbs like “designed,” “implemented,” and “managed” in place of weak verbs like “assisted” or “worked on.” A civil engineer, for instance, may use the action verb “oversaw” to indicate their function as a team leader of construction workers.

You may increase your chances of getting hired as a diploma engineer in Bangladesh by including these suggestions in your resume and cover letter, regardless of whether you have a professional background in architectural engineering, civil engineering, or car engineering.

Patio cover roofing materials

প্যাটিও কভার ছাদ উপকরণ

আপনি কি আপনার সপ্তাহান্তে আরাম করে কাটাতে চান বা আউটডোর খেলাধুলায় ব্যস্ত থাকতে চান? আপনি ঘুম থেকে উঠলে পাখির ডাক শুনতে চান? এখানে আপনার সমাধান! আপনার সুন্দর পরিকল্পিত বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণটি ঠিক এটাই প্রদান করবে। তবে বেশিরভাগ বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ খোলা, যা আপনার উপভোগকে সীমাবদ্ধ করে।

তাই আপনার থিমের সাথে মেলে এবং রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করা সহজ যেকোন উপযুক্ত, দীর্ঘস্থায়ী উপাদানে আপনার বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ কভার করার সময়। আপনি যখন আপনার বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ কভার করার সিদ্ধান্ত নেন, আপনার কোন অভিজ্ঞতা না থাকলে আপনার বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ কভারের জন্য কোন উপাদানটি সেরা তা নির্ধারণ করা কঠিন।

বিভিন্ন ধরণের প্যাটিও কভার বিভিন্ন উপকরণ, আকার এবং আকারে পাওয়া যায়। চিন্তা করবেন না; আমরা আপনার জন্য সেরা বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ কভার নির্ধারণে আপনাকে সহায়তা করব!

যাইহোক, আপনি একটি বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ কভার চয়ন করার আগে, নিম্নলিখিত বিবেচনা করুন:

বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণের ছাদের উপকরণগুলি অবশ্যই দীর্ঘস্থায়ী এবং চরম আবহাওয়া সহ্য করার জন্য যথেষ্ট শক্তিশালী হতে হবে।

বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ উপাদান কাঠামো বাকি মেলে আবশ্যক।

বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ উপকরণ প্রত্যাশিত হিসাবে সঞ্চালন আবশ্যক

বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ কভার উপকরণ তালিকা

পলিকার্বোনেট
কাঠ
অ্যালুমিনিয়াম
ধাতু
ভিনাইল
ফ্যাব্রিক
বোনা বাঁশ
গ্লাস

1. পলিকার্বোনেট প্যাটিও কভার

পলিকার্বোনেট প্যাটিও কভার প্যানেল আকারে পাওয়া যায়। এই উপাদান তাপ এবং UV প্রতিরোধী, যা আপনাকে গ্রীষ্মে ঠান্ডা থাকতে সাহায্য করে। এই হালকা উপাদান ক্র্যাক বা ভাঙ্গা ছাড়া অনেক চাপ সহ্য করার জন্য যথেষ্ট শক্ত।

2.কাঠের বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ কভার

আপনি যদি প্রকৃতিকে ভালোবাসেন এবং আপনার বাড়িতে এটিকে জড়িত করতে চান তবে একটি কাঠের প্যাটিও কভার সবচেয়ে ভাল। কাঠের প্যাটিও কভার শক্তিশালী এবং দীর্ঘস্থায়ী হয়। এই বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ কভার একটি স্বাগত এবং উষ্ণ বহিরঙ্গন স্থান তৈরি করে।

3. অ্যালুমিনিয়াম প্যাটিও কভার

অ্যালুমিনিয়াম প্যাটিও কভার হালকা এবং টেকসই। এই উপাদানটির উচ্চ মূল্য ন্যায্য কারণ এটি অত্যন্ত টেকসই। এই উপাদানটি ঘোরানো, ফাটল বা কাঠের মতো মোড়ানো যাবে না।

4. মেটাল প্যাটিও কভার

মেটাল প্যাটিও কভার সাধারণত অ্যালুমিনিয়াম দিয়ে তৈরি। এই উপাদানটিও শক্তিশালী এবং দীর্ঘস্থায়ী, পলিকার্বোনেটের মতো। যাইহোক, কারণ এটি কঠোর আবহাওয়ার অবস্থার প্রতিরোধী নয়, এই বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ কভার উপাদান অন্যান্য বহিঃপ্রাঙ্গণ উপকরণ তুলনায় আরো রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ প্রয়োজন.

জয়ন্ত চন্দ্র

ইন্সট্রাক্টর

ড্যাফোডিল পলিটেকনিক ইনস্টিটিউট

Submarine Communication Cable

The first submarine communications cables laid beginning in the 1850s carried telegraphy traffic, establishing the first instant telecommunications links between continents, such as the first transatlantic telegraph cable which became operational on 16 August 1858.

A cross section of the shore-end of a modern submarine communications cable

1 – Polyethylene

2 – Mylar tape

3 – Stranded steel wires

4 – Aluminum water barrier

5 – Polycarbonate

6 – Copper or aluminum tube

7 – Petroleum jelly

8 – Optical fibers

Environmental impact :

The main point of interaction of cables with marine life is in the benthic zone of the oceans where the majority of cable lies. Studies in 2003 and 2006 indicated that cables pose minimal impacts on life in these environments. In sampling sediment cores around cables and in areas removed from cables, there were few statistically significant differences in organism diversity or abundance. The main difference was that the cables provided an attachment point for anemones that typically could not grow in soft sediment areas. Data from 1877 to 1955 showed a total of 16 cable faults caused by the entanglement of various whales. Such deadly entanglements have entirely ceased with improved techniques for placement of modern coaxial and fiber-optic cables which have less tendency to self-coil when lying on the seabed.

Cable layer :

A cable layer or cable ship is a deep-sea vessel designed and used to lay underwater cables for telecommunications, electric power transmission, military, or other purposes. Cable ships are distinguished by large cable sheaves for guiding cable over bow or stern or both. Bow sheaves, some very large, were characteristic of all cable ships in the past, but newer ships are tending toward having stern sheaves only, as seen in the photo of CS Cable Innovator at the Port of Astoria on this page. The names of cable ships are often preceded by “C.S.” as in CS Long Lines.

Modern cable ship:

Modern cable ships differ greatly from their predecessors. There are two main types of cable ships: cable repair ships and cable-laying ships. Cable repair ships, like the Japanese Tsugaru Maru, tend to be smaller and more maneuverable; they are capable of laying cable, but their primary job is fixing or repairing broken sections of cable. A cable-laying ship, like Long Lines, is designed to lay new cables. Such ships are bigger than repair ships and less maneuverable; their cable storage drums are also larger and are set in parallel so one drum can feed into another, allowing them to lay cable much faster. These ships are also generally equipped with a linear cable engine (LCE) that helps them lay cable quickly. By locating the manufacturing plant near a harbor, cable can be loaded into the ship’s hold as it is being manufactured.

Submarine cable AC or DC

The majority of these distribution or transmission subsea circuits are AC cables at medium or high voltages of up to 132kV.

3rd submarine cable in Bangladesh :

Cox’s Bazar

The cable will have core landing stations in Singapore, India, Djibouti, Egypt and France. The Bangladesh branch will stretch to the cable landing station in Cox’s Bazar through the Bay of Bengal. On March 27, 2004, the Government of Bangladesh signed an agreement for the construction and maintenance of submarine cables in Dubai. Through this agreement with South-East-Asia-Middle-East-West Europe-4 (SEA-ME-WE-4) consortium of 16 telecom companies from 14 countries, Bangladesh has entered the super highway of information technology. The Bangladesh section is 1,240 km long in this 22,000 km connection line from Marseille, France to Singapore. Bangladesh joins this network at Cox’s Bazar. The government has to bear the cost of laying optical fiber from Dhaka and Chittagong to Cox’s Bazar for a distance of 170 km. On 21 May 2006, Bangladesh joined the information technology giant through the laying of submarine cable.

Bangladesh can join new submarines by 2021. Bangladesh has joined the new C-ME-6 consortium for its third submarine cable.

The entrepreneurs of this consortium have already been informed officially by letter that Bangladesh is staying in this cable. SEA-ME-WE (SEA-ME-WE) is an abbreviation for Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Western Europe.As the cable is laid through this area, each cable is named as such. Such as C-Me-Wee 4, C-Me-Wee 5. The region’s countries in the latest C-ME-5 consortium included Bangladesh, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, UAE, Djibouti, Egypt, Turkey, Italy, France, Myanmar, Yemen.

These 19 countries are connected to it through 19 landing points. The new CMI-6 consortium will also include countries from Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Western Europe.

Now the bandwidth usage in the country has touched one thousand Gbps. At the end of November 2018, the total number of active internet connections in the country stood at 9.18 million. Out of which 86.2 million are connected through mobile phones.

Although there are only 57 lakh 35 thousand in number, most of the internet bandwidth is used through broadband. Apart from this, there are 61,000 WiMAX connections. tech city

Durgam has been connected to the national grid by laying 33 kV (kilovolt) overhead line from Cox’s Bazar’s Matarbari sub-station through river crossing towers, 5 km double circuit 33 KV submarine cable with fiber optic under Kutubdia channel and commissioning of 33/11 KV substation at Kutubdia Island. Island. 3 days ago.

Shuva Sarker

Jr. Instructor

Telecommunication Technology

How to develop English speaking skill ?

English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, and being able to speak it fluently can open up many opportunities in both personal and professional settings. If you’re looking to improve your English speaking skills, there are a variety of strategies you can use to become more confident and proficient in your communication. In this blog post, we’ll explore some of these strategies.

Immerse yourself in the language

One of the most effective ways to develop your English speaking skills is to immerse yourself in the language as much as possible. This means listening to English music, watching English movies or TV shows, and even reading English books. The more you surround yourself with the language, the more natural it will feel to you and the easier it will be to speak it.

Practice with a language partner

Finding a language partner who is also looking to improve their English speaking skills can be a great way to practice speaking. You can have conversations in English and provide feedback to each other, which can help you both improve. There are many online platforms and apps that can help you find a language partner, or you can join local language exchange groups in your community.

Take a language class

Taking a formal English language class can also be beneficial for improving your speaking skills. You’ll have the opportunity to practice speaking in a structured environment with a teacher who can provide feedback and guidance. Additionally, you’ll learn grammar rules and vocabulary that can improve your overall understanding of the language.

Record yourself speaking

Recording yourself speaking can be a useful tool for improving your English speaking skills. Listen to yourself speak and take note of any areas where you could improve, such as pronunciation or grammar. You can also compare your recordings to native English speakers to identify areas where you need to improve.

Practice pronunciation

Pronunciation is an important aspect of speaking English fluently. Practice pronouncing English words correctly by listening to how native English speakers pronounce them and practicing until you get it right. There are also many pronunciation apps and online tools that can help you improve your pronunciation.

Speak in English as much as possible

The more you speak in English, the better you’ll become at it. Try to speak in English as much as possible, even if it’s just with yourself. Practice speaking about everyday topics like your hobbies, work, or family. The more you practice, the more confident you’ll become.

In conclusion, developing your English speaking skills takes time and effort, but with the right strategies, it’s possible to become a more confident and proficient speaker. Immersing yourself in the language, practicing with a language partner, taking a language class, recording yourself speaking, practicing pronunciation, and speaking in English as much as possible are all effective ways to improve your English speaking skills. Remember, the key is to practice regularly and be persistent in your efforts to improve.

Name: Mst. Sazia Zarin Sarker

Designation: Instructor

Department: English

The Sceptical Chymist

The Sceptical Chymist is a chemistry blog hosted by the prestigious scientific journal, Nature Chemistry. The blog features articles on various aspects of chemistry, including research news, interviews, opinion pieces, and book reviews. It was created to provide a platform for chemists and science writers to discuss and analyze developments in the field of chemistry, as well as broader issues facing the scientific community.

The blog is named after a book by Robert Boyle, a 17th-century chemist and philosopher, who was known for his skepticism and empirical approach to scientific inquiry. The book, “The Skeptical Chymist,” challenged the prevailing theories of alchemy and introduced the concept of the scientific method, which has since become a cornerstone of modern chemistry.

The Sceptical Chymist blog features contributions from a diverse group of writers, including chemists, science journalists, and educators. The articles cover a wide range of topics, from cutting-edge research in chemistry to broader issues affecting the scientific community. Some of the most popular topics covered in the blog include chemical reactions, materials science, drug discovery, and environmental chemistry.

One of the blog’s strengths is its focus on communicating complex scientific concepts in an accessible and engaging way. The writers use a mix of humor, storytelling, and visual aids to make chemistry interesting and understandable to a broad audience. For example, one recent article used popular TV shows like “Breaking Bad” and “Stranger Things” to explain the chemistry behind various plot points

Another important aspect of The Sceptical Chymist is its commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion in chemistry. The blog features articles and interviews with chemists from diverse backgrounds, and it explores issues related to gender, race, and other forms of identity in the field of chemistry. This focus on inclusivity is important, as it helps to broaden participation in the scientific community and ensures that a wider range of perspectives are represented.

In conclusion, The Sceptical Chymist is an engaging and informative chemistry blog that provides a platform for chemists and science writers to share their knowledge and insights with a wider audience. Its commitment to promoting diversity and inclusivity in the field of chemistry is also commendable, and it makes the blog an important resource for anyone interested in the latest developments in chemistry and the scientific community more broadly.

Image Source: Google

Written By

Mst.Dowlaton nesa

Jr.Istructor

Daffodil polytechnic institute

Electronics For You: The Ultimate Resource for Electronics Enthusiasts

Electronics is a vast and rapidly-evolving field that encompasses everything from circuit design and programming to IoT and automation. With so much to learn and keep up with, it can be challenging for electronics enthusiasts to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies. That’s where Electronics For You comes in.

Electronics For You is a comprehensive resource for electronics enthusiasts of all levels. Whether you’re a hobbyist, a student, or a professional engineer, you’ll find something of value on this blog. From articles on circuit design and programming to news about the latest electronics products and technologies, Electronics For You covers it all.

One of the main strengths of Electronics For You is its coverage of circuit design. Whether you’re just starting out or you’re an experienced engineer, you’ll find articles and tutorials that are tailored to your level of expertise. For beginners, there are articles on basic circuit concepts, such as voltage, current, and resistance. For more advanced readers, there are articles on topics like PCB layout and signal integrity.

In addition to circuit design, Electronics For You also covers programming, which is an essential skill for anyone who wants to work in electronics. Whether you’re interested in embedded systems programming or software development, you’ll find articles that cover everything from the basics of coding to advanced techniques and tools.

Another area that Electronics For You covers extensively is the Internet of Things (IoT). With more and more devices being connected to the internet every day, it’s becoming increasingly important for electronics enthusiasts to understand how IoT works and how to develop IoT-enabled devices. Electronics For You provides a wealth of information on IoT, including articles on IoT architecture, protocols, and security.

Of course, staying up-to-date with the latest electronics products and technologies is also important, and Electronics For You excels in this area as well. The blog features news and reviews of the latest electronics products, including everything from microcontrollers and sensors to smartphones and laptops.

Overall, Electronics For You is an essential resource for anyone who is interested in electronics. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced engineer, you’ll find something of value on this blog. So if you’re looking to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies in electronics, be sure to check out Electronics For You.

Electronics For You has been around since 1969, and it has a long history of providing valuable content to electronics enthusiasts. The blog is published by EFY Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., which is based in India. EFY Enterprises is a leading publisher of electronics magazines, books, and other resources, and Electronics For You is one of their flagship publications.

One of the things that sets Electronics For You apart from other electronics blogs is its focus on practical, hands-on content. The blog features articles and tutorials that are designed to help readers learn by doing. For example, there are articles on building your own projects, using open-source tools, and troubleshooting common problems.

Electronics For You also has a strong community aspect. The blog features a forum where readers can ask questions, share their own projects, and connect with other electronics enthusiasts. There are also regular contests and challenges that encourage readers to build and share their own projects.

In addition to the blog, Electronics For You also publishes a monthly magazine that covers a wide range of electronics topics. The magazine features in-depth articles, interviews with industry experts, and reviews of the latest electronics products. There are also special editions of the magazine that focus on specific topics, such as robotics, embedded systems, and power electronics.

Overall, Electronics For You is a comprehensive resource that covers all aspects of electronics, from circuit design and programming to IoT and automation. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced engineer, you’ll find valuable information and resources on this blog. So if you’re passionate about electronics and want to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies, be sure to check out Electronics For You.

Written By,

Pulak Biswas

Instructor, Electrical Technology.

Daffodil Polytechnic Institute.

Revolution of Digital Electronics in the world

Digital electronics is the branch of electronics that deals with digital signals or information, as opposed to analog signals. Digital electronics has revolutionized the world, making everything from computers to smartphones possible. It’s an essential part of our lives, and its impact will only continue to grow.

Digital electronics use binary digits (bits) to represent data or information. These bits can have only two possible values, 0 or 1, which can be represented physically by voltage levels or electrical charges. By using a series of bits, digital electronics can represent and manipulate a wide range of data and information, including text, images, and sound.

Digital electronics are also much more reliable and precise than analog electronics. Because digital signals are less affected by noise and interference, they can be transmitted over long distances without losing quality. In contrast, analog signals are often distorted by noise and interference, making them more difficult to work with.

Another advantage of digital electronics is their ability to process data and information quickly and accurately. Digital circuits can perform complex calculations and operations at high speeds, making them ideal for applications that require fast and efficient processing, such as computer systems, digital signal processing, and control systems.

One of the advantages of digital electronics is their reliability and precision. Digital signals are less affected by noise and interference, and they can be transmitted over long distances without losing quality. Digital circuits are also more flexible and versatile than analog circuits, as they can be easily reconfigured or updated to support new applications or features.

Some common digital electronic components include microprocessors, memory chips, digital-to-analog converters, and analog-to-digital converters. These components are used in a wide range of applications, including computer systems, digital cameras, and mobile devices.

Digital electronics have also enabled the development of many new technologies, including the internet, social media, and e-commerce. These technologies have transformed the way we communicate, work, and do business, making them an essential part of our daily lives.

In conclusion, digital electronics have revolutionized the world and will continue to shape the future. They offer reliability, precision, programmability, and versatility, making them a critical part of many modern technologies. From the devices we use every day to the infrastructure that supports our economy, digital electronics are an essential part of our world.

simatic-it-preactor-sb-640x360_tcm27-95973

শিডিউলিং

অপারেটিং সিস্টেমে Scheduling একটি সারি থেকে একটি প্রক্রিয়া নির্বাচন করার প্রক্রিয়া। নির্বাহের জন্য এই প্রক্রিয়াতে CPU বরাদ্দ করা। অপারেটিং সিস্টেম এমনভাবে প্রক্রিয়াগুলি নির্ধারণ করে যাতে CPU নিষ্ক্রিয় না থাকে।

অপারেটিং সিস্টেম শিডিউলিং সেই প্রক্রিয়াটিকে বোঝায় যার মাধ্যমে অপারেটিং সিস্টেম বিভিন্ন প্রক্রিয়া এবং কাজের জন্য CPU সময়, মেমরি এবং I/O ডিভাইসের মতো সংস্থানগুলি পরিচালনা করে এবং বরাদ্দ করে। সমস্ত প্রক্রিয়া এবং কাজগুলিকে সম্পদের ন্যায্য অংশ দেওয়া হয় এবং সিস্টেমটি প্রতিক্রিয়াশীল এবং দক্ষ থাকে তা নিশ্চিত করার জন্য এটি করা হয়।

অপারেটিং সিস্টেম দ্বারা ব্যবহৃত বিভিন্ন সময়সূচী অ্যালগরিদম রয়েছে, যার মধ্যে রয়েছে:

ফার্স্ট–কাম, ফার্স্ট–সার্ভড (FCFS): এটি হল সবচেয়ে সহজ শিডিউলিং অ্যালগরিদম, যেখানে প্রস্তুত সারিতে পৌঁছানোর প্রথম প্রক্রিয়াটি প্রথম কার্যকর করা হয়।

শর্টে স্ট জব ফার্স্ট (SJF): এই অ্যালগরিদমটি কার্যকর করার জন্য সবচেয়ে কম প্রত্যাশিত এক্সিকিউশন সময় সহ প্রক্রিয়াটি নির্বাচন করে।

রাউন্ড রবি ন(Round Robin): এই অ্যালগরিদম প্রতিটি প্রক্রিয়ার জন্য একটি নির্দিষ্ট সময় স্লাইস (কোয়ান্টাম) বরাদ্দ করে, এবং প্রস্তুত সারির মধ্যে দিয়ে চক্রাকারে চলে, প্রতিটি প্রক্রিয়াকে নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের স্লাইসের জন্য চালানোর পালা দেয়।

অগ্রাধি কার সময়সূচী(Priority Scheduling): এই অ্যালগরিদম প্রতিটি প্রক্রিয়ার জন্য একটি অগ্রাধিকার স্তর নির্ধারণ করে এবং সর্বোচ্চ অগ্রাধিকার সহ প্রক্রিয়াটিকে কার্যকর করার জন্য অগ্রাধিকার দেওয়া হয়।

মাল্টি–লেভেল কিউ শিডিউলিং(Multilevel Queue Scheduling): এই অ্যালগরিদম প্রস্তুত সারিকে একাধিক স্তরে ভাগ করে, প্রতিটি স্তরের জন্য আলাদা অগ্রাধিকার স্তর নির্ধারণ করা হয়।

মাল্টিলেভেল ফিডব্যাক কিউ শিডিউলিং(Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling): মাল্টিলেভেল কিউ শিডিউলিংয়ের মতো, কিন্তু প্রক্রিয়াগুলি তাদের আচরণের উপর ভিত্তি করে সারিগুলির মধ্যে স্থানান্তর করতে পারে।

প্রতিটি শিডিউলিং অ্যালগরিদমের নিজস্ব শক্তি এবং দর্বুর্বলতা রয়েছে এবং অ্যালগরিদমের পছন্দ অপারেটিং সিস্টেমের নির্দিষ্ট প্রয়োজনীয়তা এবং এটি যে সিস্টেমে চলছে তার উপর নির্ভর করে।

সময় নির্ধারণের Criteria হল সেই উপাদানগুলি যা একটি অপারেটিং সিস্টেমের সময়সূচী পরবর্তীতে কোন প্রক্রিয়াটি সম্পাদন করতে হবে তা নির্ধারণ করতে ব্যবহার করে। কিছুসাধারণ সময় নির্ধারণের Criteria মধ্যে রয়েছে:

CPU Utilization: সময়সূচী চালানোর জন্য প্রস্তুত প্রসেসগুলি নির্বাচন করে সিপিইউকে যতটা সম্ভব ব্যস্ত রাখার চেষ্টা করে।

Response Time: Reসময়সূচী একটি প্রতিক্রিয়া তৈরি করতে একটি প্রক্রিয়ার জন্য যে সময় লাগে তা কমানোর চেষ্টা করে।

Throughput: সময়সূচী প্রতি ইউনিট সময়ে সম্পন্ন হওয়া প্রক্রিয়াগুলির সংখ্যা সর্বাধিক করার চেষ্টা করে। Turnaround Time: সময়সূচী একটি প্রক্রিয়া সম্পূর্ণ হতে মোট সময় কমানোর চেষ্টা করে।

Waiting Time: সময়সূচী প্রস্তুত সারিতে অপেক্ষা করার সময় একটি প্রক্রিয়া ব্যয় করার পরিমাণ কমানোর চেষ্টা করে।

Fairness: সময়সূচী নিশ্চিত করার চেষ্টা করে যে প্রতিটি প্রক্রিয়া CPU সময়ের একটি ন্যায্য অংশ পায়।

বিভিন্ন সময়সূচী অ্যালগরিদম এই বিভিন্ন মানদণ্ডের উপর বিভিন্ন মাত্রার গুরুত্ব রাখে। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, রিয়েল-টাইম সিস্টেমগুলি প্রায়শই অন্যান্য সমস্ত মানদণ্ডের উপরে প্রতিক্রিয়া সময়কে অগ্রাধিকার দেয়, যখন ব্যাচ সিস্টেমগুলি থ্রুপুটকে অগ্রাধিকার দিতে পারে। একটি অপারেটিং সিস্টেমের নির্দিষ্ট প্রয়োজনীয়তা এবং এটি যে সিস্টেমে চলছে তা নির্ধারণ করবে কোন মানদণ্ড সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।র্ণ

সামগ্রিকভাবে, অপারেটিং সিস্টেম শিডিউলিংয়ের লক্ষ্য হল সিস্টেমের কর্মক্ষর্ম মতা optimise করা এবং নিশ্চিত করা যে সমস্ত প্রক্রিয়া এবং কাজগুলি দক্ষতার সাথে এবং ন্যায্যভাবে সম্পাদিত হয়।

কোন অপারেটিং সিস্টেম পরবর্তী এবং কতদিনের জন্য কোন প্রক্রিয়াটি সম্পাদন করা উচিত তা নির্ধারণ করতে সময় নির্ধারণের অ্যালগরিদম ব্যবহার করে। সময়সূচীর লক্ষ্য হল সিস্টেমের কর্মক্ষর্ম মতা optimise করা, যেমন থ্রুপুট সর্বাধিক করা এবং প্রতিক্রিয়া সময় কম করা।

সোমা রানী দাস

বিভাগীয় প্রধান

ডিপার্টমেন্ট অফ কম্পিউটার টেকনোলজি

Save Time to Construct a Building (Part – 2)

Expenditure in Different Sectors

New construction work often has a problem where the developer who did the construction does not offer consultancy or interior design, forcing the owner to resort to a new firm. The whole thing is time-consuming, troublesome, and in some cases expensive. To avoid this problem, the developer should choose an agency that provides all kinds of facilities in construction, consultancy, or interior design.

Does fast construction offer a way out of conventional problems? The first thing to keep in mind when constructing a new building these days is to meet the needs of investors and developers, design teams need to design the building in a way that helps the contractor to develop fast and efficient construction strategies to make the project profitable. These needs can be met through fast construction. Fast construction has become popular in our country with time. Although working with this method is very challenging and not completely risk-free, this construction method has several advantages.

Affordable

There is no room for overspending in this method as the budget is fixed before the work starts. Rather, it is possible for the owner to invest in other sectors while keeping an eye on the budget during the work. For example, in the case of health-related facilities, the owner can reduce the construction budget and instead spend on more modern medical equipment. Because of the short planning time, both the owner and the contractor can calculate what the costs will be, so they can be prepared in advance. In fast construction, you can be freed from the two situations of not collecting money in the middle or overspending of the budget. It is most cost-effective to rely on an organization that can undertake the task of completing the construction work quickly while maintaining quality standards. Normally there is a tendency to change the design or other details in the middle of the construction work, this is not the case during fast construction. Rather, in this case, all the design and planning work is fixed at the very beginning, so that there is no need to make any new changes in the middle of the work.

Profitable

The biggest advantage of fast construction system is that the commercial work can be started quickly after the construction of the building is completed. It is natural that the faster the ability to reach the market or the customer society can be achieved, the faster the organization will see the business profit. For example, in the case of telecommunication or information technology providers, it may be the case that reaching customers with services before competitors are ready. Again, in the health sector, it may be to provide the latest equipment or to acquire the ability to provide quick patient care. First of all, they need to complete the construction of the building. That’s why if the construction work can be completed as soon as possible, then it is possible for the business to enter the market quickly.

Cost Savings

Due to fast construction, incidental costs naturally come down due to faster completion of building work. Although slightly risky, fast tracking is the most effective way to reduce construction time. This method accomplishes work by starting tasks that need to be done sequentially at the same time and maintaining consistency between them. It is the responsibility of the construction manager to keep the cost figures in line with the progress of the design work.

An experienced team with good communication skills basically keeps the budget within reach. Firms experienced in fast construction provide solutions to all problems under one roof. In other words, they can easily take care of all matters as they have skilled manpower to undertake consultancy and interior designing along with building construction. And due to working together, the cost comes down a bit. Due to these reasons, fast construction is becoming popular among industrial and commercial organizations to get the best construction solution quickly within a limited budget.

Author

Md. Asaduzzaman Russel

Architecture & Civil Technology

Daffodil Polytechnic Institute