A filter is something that can delete, distort, or generalize the message we’re trying to share. And filters are in place for both the sender and receiver in every single conversation. Electronic filters remove unwanted frequency components from the applied signal, enhance wanted ones, or both. They can be: passive or active. analog or digital. Digital communication is any type of communication that relies on the use of technology. There are many kinds of advanced correspondence, ordinarily alluded to as computerized correspondence channels. These incorporate email, calls, video conferencing, and many kinds of texting like SMS and web chats. In signal handling, a channel is a gadget or cycle that eliminates a few undesirable parts or elements from a sign. Â
What are Filters
Filters are essential building blocks of any Electronic and Communication System that alter the amplitude and/or phase characteristics of a signal with respect to frequency. The filter is basically a linear circuit that helps to remove unwanted components such as Noise, Interference, and Distortion from the input signal. Ideally, the Filter alters the relative amplitudes of the various frequency components and the phase characteristics and its âGainâ depends entirely on the signal frequency.
Figure-1: Block Diagram of filter operation.
Filter is mainly classified into two types.
1.Active Filter.
2.Passive Filter.
Active Filters
Filter Circuit which consists of active components like Transistors and Op-amps in addition to Resistors and Capacitors is called as active filter.
Passive Filter
Filter circuit which consists of passive components such as Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors is called as Passive Filter. The operating frequency range of the filter banks on the components used to build the circuit. Hence the filter can be further categorized based on the operating frequency of a particular circuit. They are:
â Low Pass Filter
â High Pass Filter
â Band Pass Filter
â Band Stop Filter
â All Pass Filter
Low Pass Filter:
It is a type of Filter which attenuates all the frequencies above the cut-off frequencies. It provides a constant output (gain) from zero to cut-off frequency.
Figure-2: Low Pass Filter Characteristics (a) Actual (b) Ideal
High Pass Filter
It is a type of Filter which attenuates all the frequencies below the cut-off frequencies. It provides a constant output (gain) above the cut-off frequency.
Figure-3: High Pass Filter Characteristics (a) Actual (b) Ideal
Band Pass Filter
It is a type of filter which allows specific Band of frequencies to pass through and all other frequencies outside the band are attenuated.
Figure-4: Band Pass filter characteristics
Band Stop Filter:
Specific Band of frequencies gets rejected and allows passing of frequencies outside the Band.
Figure -5: Band Stop Filter
All Pass Filters
It is a type of filter which passes all frequencies equally. It is also known as Phase-Shift filter, time-delay filter as the output voltage shifts in phase with respect to input voltage but they are equal in magnitude.
Figure 6: All Pass Filter.Â
Application of Filters â
â Filter Circuits are used to eliminate background Noise
â They are used in Radio tuning to a specific frequency
â Used in Pre-amplification, Equalization, Tone Control in Audio Systems â They are also used in Signal Processing Circuits and Data Conversion â Filter Circuits are extensively used in Medical Electronic Systems
Advantages of Filters
The advantages are:
â They are economical or cost-effective
â Unlike passive filter circuits, Active Filter Circuits require power supply
Disadvantages of Filters
The disadvantages are:
â Circuits are bulky
â Limited Bandwidth
â Increased sensitivity to variation in circuit parameters
We all know that water is life. But now when we look at our country, we see that water is being used in various ways, but no one has any trouble in purifying it. As a result, the water of canals, rivers and canals is polluted. Many times this water is also used as drinking water, resulting in various water borne diseases which end in excruciating pain or death. So the other name of water is not life but the other name of pure water is life and the other name of polluted water is death. Water is used in industries for various purposes which is taken from nature and after use it is returned to nature again. The importance of this water management is undeniable. My today’s writing is for those who work in the management of industrial factories.
Image Source 1: Encyclopedia Britannica
Consideratons of Designing of Water Consumption in Industrial Plants:
Every industrial plant must have some open space. As a result, along with all other needs, when rain water falls outside the building, it is absorbed by the soil and the roads, footpaths etc. are protected from waterlogging.
To keep a beautiful landscape design beautiful, it needs to be taken care of, there is no substitute for water. Therefore, if you can retain the natural water, it is possible to fill the lack of water in the fields, gardens, etc.
The water inside the industrial plant site can be discharged directly into the nature if it is rain water. This requires surface drainage. It must be designed by the expert professional.
Water management outside the building is just as important as water management inside. We use water inside the building for many things like toilets, bathing areas, hand washing or ablution areas, washing clothes, dyeing clothes, mixing different chemicals etc. The first thing to do is to reduce excess water consumption.
All the water used inside the building, mixed with paint and various chemicals and released into the nature, all the water must be purified and released and for this ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) is required.
6Where Effluent is not being used with water, ETP is not required. For example: toilet, bathroom, hand washing area, kitchen etc. But these waters also need to be purified, and for this STP (Sewage Treatment Plant) should be used.
Another method is used to maintain the quality of treated water. That is WTP (Water Treatment Plant). This method is most commonly used in our country.
Treated water can be reused in gardens, fields, trees, toilet flushes, etc. instead of being released into nature. It will be possible to reduce the wastage of water a lot. It is believed that the law will be used in the future as a whole. Which we call Zero Discharge.
Meters should be set at different places of the building where water is used and the amount of water used should be kept.
Fixer of certain quality should be used in toilet. For example, use of double flash commode, use of low flow-rate tape etc. Before addition, their use and quality should be confirmed and a certificate should be obtained from the manufacturer.
If there is a cooling tower, make-up water tank should be made by calculating the amount of water being used there.
How much water is being used continuously, what amount of water is being released to nature and what amount of water is being purified and reused should be measured.
Water quality (DO, PH, Color, BOD, COD etc.) should be checked.
Care should be taken that drinking water and water used for other purposes are kept separate.
1 drinking water point for every 100 people and ensure that this point is at least 20 feet away from the toilet.
Figure-1: Block Diagram of filter operation. 
Figure-2: Low Pass Filter Characteristics (a) Actual (b) Ideal 
Figure-3: High Pass Filter Characteristics (a) Actual (b) Ideal 
Figure-4: Band Pass filter characteristics 
Figure -5: Band Stop Filter 
Figure 6: All Pass Filter. 
